class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide .title[ # IKONOS-2 IMAGING SATELLITE ] .subtitle[ ## The world’s first high-resolution commercial imaging satellite ] .author[ ### Ella Merten-Mancer ] --- class: left .center[ # What is the IKONOS-2 satellite? ] - IKONOS-2 was a satellite launched in 1999 and decommissioned in 2015 - It was the first commercial satellite to collect images with a resolution of 0.8m - It was originally launched with another identical satellite (Ikonos-1) which failed to launch - It lasted for 15 years despite having a design life of 7 years - the sensor was decommissioned when attempts to resolve an accuracy irregularity failed <div class="figure" style="text-align: center"> <img src="ikonos1.jpg" alt="(Source: BELSPO)" width="40%" /> <p class="caption">(Source: BELSPO)</p> </div> (Belgian Earth Observation, 2023; eoPortal, 2012) --- class: left .center[ # Satellite details ] ## Spatial Resolution - Panchromatic images - 0.8m - Multispectral imagery - 3.2m - It was able to capture both of these image types at once as it carried an instrument called the Optical Sensor Assembly (OSA) ##Other details - Revisiting frequency - 3 days - Orbiting altitude - 681m - Off-nadar pointing angle - 30 degrees (eoPortal, 2012; Kramer, 2015) --- class: center # Ikonos-2 captured almost 600,000 public images during its time It collected atmospheric and land data such as albedo, reflectance, cloud and weather information, vegetation and land surface <div class="figure" style="text-align: center"> <img src="thailand.jpeg" alt="One of its last images was of the Tha Chin River in the Sumut Sakhon City, Thailand, December 2014 (Source: DigitalGlobe)" width="55%" /> <p class="caption">One of its last images was of the Tha Chin River in the Sumut Sakhon City, Thailand, December 2014 (Source: DigitalGlobe)</p> </div> --- class:center # Imagery examples .pull-left[ The aftermath of a tsunami in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, June 2013 (DigitalGlobe) <img src="indonesia.jpeg" width="120%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ] .pull-right[ Nisyros Island, a volcanic island in Greece, April 2000 (DigitalGlobe, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens) <img src="ikonos3.jpg" width="120%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ] --- class:left .center[ #Significance of Ikonos-2 ## At the time, the functioning of Ikonos-2 was unique in relation to other commercial satellites ] - This is because it allowed each international association to have allocated time where they could task the satellite and receive the imagery instantly - It was the first commercial imaging satellite with a spatial resolution of less than 1m - The significance of this satellite is that it also represented the start of the production and use of earth observation data of a spatial resolution of 1 metre --- class: left .center[ # Studies which have used Ikonos-2 imagery ] ## River flood damage assessment (Van der Sande, 2001) This study used Ikonos-2 data to identify urban and suburban features as part of land use mapping for damage assessments. It was noted in this paper that due to the large information the imagery contains, it was hard to extract objects. ##Characterisation of suburban areas for land use planning (Greenhill, et al., 2003) This study utilised ecological indicators such as a vegetation index derived from Ikonos-2 data to identify the spatial distributions and different types of land cover in suburban areas in London. The imagery used was multispectral and the paper noted that this type of imagery can be used in land use planning for future sustainable development. --- class:left ##Using Ikonos-2 imagery for forest structure variable estimation (Kayitakire, et al., 2006) This paper performed image texture analysis on Ikonos-2 data in order to identify key forest variables such as age, circumference and basal area. The use of both panchromatic and multispectral Ikonos-2 imagery demonstrated lower estimation errors for many of these variables compared to other sensors, however some estimation errors were still too high for planning use. ##Urban population estimates using Ikonos-2 and lidar data (Tomas, et al., 2015) This paper estimated urban populations through analysing the volume of one story houses and high rise buildings, highlighting common issues of underestimation in official statistics. The Ikonos-2 and lidar data were used to create a digital surface model. This study shows once more how Ikonos-2's multispectral and panchromatic data can be used together during analysis. --- class: left .center[ #Reflection ##Ikonos-2 had a significant and lasting impact on Earth Observation data ] - Learning about this sensor has helped me to understand more about the history of remote sensing imagery, and how it has gained popularity and changed over the last 20 years - It is interesting how at the time, remotely sensed images of 1 metre resolution were novel, compared to now where they are far more common - I have also learnt through the applications section more ways in which sensor data can be used - I also found it interesting how the sensor was able to continue for more than double its original design life, and how it can be assumed that more effort was not made in fixing it so it was because others sensors which were in use by that time were sufficient enough that Ikonos-2 was not needed anymore :( --- class: left .center[ #Reflection 2 ] - Ikonos-2 contributed to increasing work at the time in showing the value of remotely sensed data - The owner of Ikonos-2, DigitalGlobe, are now able to use and are continuing to improve the use of remotely sensed data in disaster relief aid - It seems to me that without the gains from Ikonos-2 this progress may have been a lot slower - Ikonos-2 also allowed Earth Observation data to be used in many new ways. However, there is now an abundance of data - In the future I think we must understand how this data can be used more efficiently and maximise its potential especially with regards to sustainability, climate change, population growth and to contribute to the SDGs --- # References Belgian Earth Observation (2023) ‘IKONOS-2’, available at: https://eo.belspo.be/en/satellites-and-sensors/ikonos-2 (accessed: 22.2.23) eoPortal (2012) 'Ikonos-2', available at: https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/ikonos-2 (accessed: 22.2.23) Greenhill, D., Lennart, R., et al. (2003) 'Characterization of Suburban Areas for Land Use Planning Using Landscape Ecological Indicators Derived From Ikonos-2 Multispectral Imagery', IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 41, 9, pp. 2015-2021 Kayitakire, F., Hamel, C. and Defourny, P. (2006) 'Retrieving forest structure variables based on image texture analysis and IKONOS-2 imagery', Remote Sensing of Environment, 102, pp. 390-401 Kramer, M (2015) 'The life and death of Ikonos, a pioneering commercial satellite', available at: https://mashable.com/archive/ikonos-satellite-digitalglobe (accessed: 22.2.23) --- #References 2 Tomas, L., Fonseca, L., et al. (2015) 'Urban population estimation based on residential buildings volume using IKONOS-2 images and lidar data', International Journal of Remote Sensing, 37, pp. 1-28 Van der Sande, C.J. (2001) 'River flood damage asseement using IKONOS imagery', European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Natrual Hazards Unit - Floods, Ispra, Italy